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##### 1) Toss Up - Chemistry - Multiple Choice

Which of the following chemical bonds is not important in polymer formation?
X) Hydrogen
Y) Peptide

##### 1) Bonus - Chemistry - Short Answer

What relationship exists between bond length and bond order?

ANSWER: INVERSE RELATIONSHIP (ACCEPT: BONDS OF HIGHER ORDER ARE SHORTER IN LENGTH)
##### 2) Toss Up - Biology - Multiple Choice

Tiny openings in the insect body through which air enters are called:
W) protopodites
X) stomata
Y) spinnerets
Z) spiracles

##### 2) Bonus - Biology - Multiple Choice

Which of the following mechanisms is the most common method for lowering the amount of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft:
X) re-uptake into the pre-synaptic terminal
Y) re-uptake into the post-synaptic terminal
Z) degradation by trypsin released into the synaptic cleft

ANSWER: X) RE-UPTAKE INTO THE PRE-SYNAPTIC TERMINAL
##### 3) Toss Up - Biology - Multiple Choice

The motion of snakes depends upon the fact that the muscles of their bodies are
W) attached by ligaments
X) arranged in circles
Y) arranged in blocks
Z) attached to bones

##### 3) Bonus - Biology - Multiple Choice

The anthropoid branch that contains the Old World monkeys does not include
W) humans
X) lemurs
Y) great apes
Z) baboons

##### 4) Toss Up - Chemistry - Short Answer

What is the term used to describe the movement of salts onto porous materials where the salts form a coating?

##### 4) Bonus - Chemistry - Short Answer

What effect explains why tin and lead can have oxidation states of +2 and +4 but not +3?

##### 5) Toss Up - Physics - Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT true regarding quantum mechanics?
W) Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac statistics are mutually exclusive
X) Fermionic degeneracy is a physical manifestation of Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
Y) Quantum spin magnitude is a variable consisting of a finite distribution of half-integer multiples.
Z) The Pauli exclusion principle is the fundamental basis of physical and analytical chemistry

ANSWER: Y) Quantum spin magnitude is a variable consisting of a finite distribution of half-integer multiples.
##### 5) Bonus - Physics - Short Answer

In quantum mechanics, the Pauli matrices refer to a set of three complex matrices that are both Hermitian and unitary- that is, the matrix is both its own conjugate transpose and inverse. Give a matrix that is both Hermitian and unitary.

ANSWER: [[0,1],[1,0]] or [[0,i],[-i,0]] or [[1,0],[0,-1]] (also accept others)
##### 6) Toss Up - Math - Multiple Choice

Which of the following represents the inverse function of f(x) = x^3 + 5:
W) (x - 5)^3
X) x^3 - 5
Y) (x - 5)^(1/3)
Z) (1/(x-5))^3

ANSWER: Y) (x - 5)^(1/3)
##### 6) Bonus - Math - Short Answer

Giving your answer in meters squared, find the total surface area of a right prism whose base is a right triangle with legs of length 3 meters and 4 meters and whose altitude is 2 meters:

##### 7) Toss Up - Physics - Short Answer

When an object is falling at a steady rate and the force of gravity acting on it is balanced by the force of air resistance, the object is said to have what kind of velocity?

##### 7) Bonus - Physics - Multiple Choice

W) increase friction.
X) reduce friction.
Y) decrease stopping motion.
Z) prevent the braking of a car.

##### 8) Toss Up - Physics - Multiple Choice

Which of the following light movement directions is NOT able to produce total reflection from a surface perpendicular to a light beam?
W) From water to air
X) From air to water
Y) From glass to air
Z) From oil to air

ANSWER: X) FROM AIR TO WATER
##### 8) Bonus - Physics - Multiple Choice

A 100 watt current of heat flows via conduction between two stable temperature reservoirs through a material of length 5 centimeters and cross-sectional area 0.5 square meters. If the length of material is extended to 1 meter and the cross-sectional area increased to 1 square meter, what is the new heat current in watts?
W) 5
X) 10
Y) 20
Z) 50

##### 9) Toss Up - Astronomy - Multiple Choice

If an astronomer photographed a massive cloud of ionized hydrogen in space that was emitting all of the Balmer wavelengths, what color would it typically appear to us:
W) white
X) green
Y) pink
Z) blue

##### 9) Bonus - Astronomy - Multiple Choice

Which of the following was discovered in the 1600’s about Venus that was strong evidence that the planets orbited the Sun:
W) Venus’s cloud cover reverses its direction in the sky at certain times of the year
X) Venus has phases varying from crescent to full
Y) Venus has an axial motion opposite to that of the Earth
Z) Venus is the brightest planet in the sky only part of the year

ANSWER: X) VENUS HAS PHASES VARYING FROM CRESCENT TO FULL
##### 10) Toss Up - Biology - Multiple Choice

What enzyme is important to the body because of its ability to use oxidative phosphorylation to resupply ATP with energy.
W) GTP Oxygenlase
X) ubiquitin
Y) ATP Synthase
Z) ATP Ligase

##### 10) Bonus - Biology - Multiple Choice

What is the primary reason for the great abundance of fish along the Peruvian coast?
W) upwelling
X) warm water temperatures
Y) long shore currents
Z) sea mounts

##### 11) Toss Up - Physics - Short Answer

Which man in 1918 received the Nobel Prize for his work in Quantum Physics?

##### 11) Bonus - Physics - Multiple Choice

Which of the following constants is the largest?
W) Planck’s constant
X) Planck time
Y) Planck mass
Z) Planck length

##### 12) Toss Up - Physics - Short Answer

Velocity is considered to be the derivative of position. What is the third derivative of position?

##### 12) Bonus - Physics - Multiple Choice

An object at rest experiences a jerk of 2 m/s^3. What distance does the object travel in the first 9 seconds?
W) 81 meters
X) 243 meters
Y) 729 meters
Z) 27 meters

##### 13) Toss Up - Chemistry - Multiple Choice

Which of these elements has only one stable isotope:
W) hydrogen
X) neon
Y) sodium
Z) tin

##### 13) Bonus - Chemistry - Short Answer

The fourth principal energy level of an atom has a shell capacity of how many electrons?

##### 14) Toss Up - General Science - Multiple Choice

How many time zones are there in the CONTIGUOUS United States?
W) 3
X) 4
Y) 5
Z) 6

##### 14) Bonus - General Science - Multiple Choice

The largest supply of fresh water in the world is in
W) the combined rivers of the world.
X) the combined lakes of the world.
Y) glacial ice.
Z) none of the above

##### 15) Toss Up - Physics - Multiple Choice

Given R = 1.097 x 107 inverse meters, which of the following represents the wavelength of the longest wavelength Lyman line of the hydrogen spectrum in meters and the region of the electromagnetic spectrum in which it lies?
W) 1.22 x 10-7; ultraviolet
X) 1.22 x 10-7; visible
Y) 1.22 x 10-6; infrared
Z) 1.22 x 10-6; visible

ANSWER: W) 1.22 x 10-7; ULTRAVIOLET
##### 15) Bonus - Physics - Multiple Choice

Assuming a metabolic rate of 500 watts, how much energy in joules is transformed by a 70 kilogram person while exercising for 1 hour?
W) 1500
X) 1.8 million
Y) 5 .4 million
Z) 6.3 trillion

##### 16) Toss Up - Astronomy - Multiple Choice

Which of the following is believed to be the most likely composition of cosmic dust:
W) carbonaceous, silicate or iron-bearing materials with some frozen gases
X) hydrogen, helium and lithium crystals
Z) pure ice crystals with small amounts of ionized hydrogen

ANSWER: W) carbonaceous, silicate or iron-bearing materials with some frozen gases
##### 16) Bonus - Astronomy - Short Answer

What planet of our solar system has the most nitrogen-rich atmosphere?

##### 17) Toss Up - Math - Multiple Choice

If log_x(81) = 6 (read: the log base x of 81 equals 6), then x is equal to:
W) 3
X) 9
Y) 40181
Z) 9^1/3 (read: the cube root of 9)

ANSWER: Z) 9^1/3 (read: the cube root of 9)
##### 17) Bonus - Math - Multiple Choice

If i = the square root of -1, then i to the 4098th power is:
W) i
X) -i
Y) 1
Z) -1

##### 18) Toss Up - Earth Science - Multiple Choice

In the soil profile, which horizon is know as the zone of accumulation:
W) A-horizon
X) B-horizon
Y) O-horizon
Z) E-horizon

##### 18) Bonus - Earth Science - Short Answer

The doldrums are to 0° latitude, as the horse latitudes are to what?

ANSWER: 30° (ACCEPT: 30° NORTH OR SOUTH LATITUDE)
##### 19) Toss Up - Computer Science - Multiple Choice

If the electron gun in a monitor draws every line in a single pass without skipping lines, it is called:
W) noninterlaced
X) interlaced
Y) interfaced
Z) noninterfaced

##### 19) Bonus - Computer Science - Multiple Choice

The ability to execute more than one program simultaneously is known as:
X) multiscanning
Z) multicasting

##### 20) Toss Up - Physics - Short Answer

Photons emitted by a green laser fail to ionize atoms of a given substance. List by number all of the following statements that will always be true: I. an infrared laser will not ionize the atoms II. a red laser will not ionize the atoms III. a violet laser will ionize the atoms IV. an ultraviolet laser will ionize the atoms.

##### 20) Bonus - Physics - Short Answer

The Heisenburg uncertainty principle states in particular that the product of what two quantities is always greater than or equal to half of the reduced Planck’s constant?

ANSWER: UNCERTAINTY IN POSITION AND UNCERTAINTY IN MOMENTUM
##### 21) Toss Up - Astronomy - Short Answer

Name all of the following, by name or number, that are associated with the planet Jupiter.1) Trojan asteroids2) More than 60 moons3) Collision with comet Shoemaker-Levy 94) Planetary rings

##### 21) Bonus - Astronomy - Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements is false concerning the Local Group?
W) Its three largest galaxies are all spiral galaxies
X) It contains several million galaxies
Y) It is part of the Virgo Supercluster
Z) Most of its galaxies are dwarf galaxies

ANSWER: X) It contains several million galaxies
##### 22) Toss Up - Physics - Multiple Choice

Who invented the telescope?
W) Hans Lippershey
X) Galileo Galilei
Y) Giovanni Faber
Z) Isaac Newton

##### 22) Bonus - Physics - Short Answer

What does the acronym maser (MASER) stand for?

##### 23) Toss Up - Astronomy - Multiple Choice

What causes the gas tail of a comet to always point away from the sun?
W) solar wind
X) air pressure
Y) centrifugal force
Z) gravity

##### 23) Bonus - Astronomy - Short Answer

The process which prevents the complete gravitational collapse of a White Dwarf star is known as

##### 24) Toss Up - Biology - Short Answer

From the FIRST to the LAST, what are the stages into which interphase is most commonly divided?

ANSWER: G-1; S; G-2 (ACCEPT: GAP ONE, DNA SYNTHESIS, GAP 2)
##### 24) Bonus - Biology - Short Answer

Cells that become quiescent enter G-zero from what stage of the cell cycle?

##### 25) Toss Up - Chemistry - Multiple Choice

For a series of chemical reactions, Hess's law provides a method for the summation of which property?
W) Heat of formation
X) Entropy
Y) Equilibrium constant
Z) Reaction rate

##### 25) Bonus - Chemistry - Multiple Choice

What is the difference between heat and temperature?
W) Temperature is a form of heat, while heat is a measurement
X) Temperature is a measurement of molecular kinetic energy, while heat is a form of energy
Y) Heat and temperature have different wavelengths
Z) Heat and temperature have similar wavelengths but different amplitudes

ANSWER: X) TEMPERATURE IS A MEASUREMENT OF MOLECULAR KINETIC ENERGY, WHILE HEAT IS A FORM OF ENERGY