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##### 1) Toss Up - Earth Science - Short Answer

Land is to tornadoes as the ocean is to what?

##### 1) Bonus - Earth Science - Multiple Choice

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the development of a hurricane:
W) they develop in waters of at least 80°F at 0° latitude
X) they develop in waters of at least 80°F between 20° and 40° latitude
Y) a hurricane originating in the eastern tropical Atlantic is driven westward by westerly trade winds in the tropics
Z) they develop in waters of at least 80°F between 5° and 20° latitude

ANSWER: Z) THEY DEVELOP IN WATERS OF AT LEAST 80°F BETWEEN 5° AND 20° LATITUDE
##### 2) Toss Up - Earth Science - Short Answer

Name the driest continent.

##### 2) Bonus - Earth Science - Short Answer

Outside of Alaska, what is the name of the North America's longest continuous mountain range?

##### 3) Toss Up - Physics - Multiple Choice

Red light has a wavelength of:
W) 300-350 nanometers
X) 450-500 nanometers
Y) 550-600 nanometers
Z) 650-700 nanometers

##### 3) Bonus - Physics - Short Answer

Bose-Einstein condensates were initially created by using elements from what specific part of the periodic table:

ANSWER: GROUP 1 (ACCEPT: ALKALI METALS)
##### 4) Toss Up - Math - Short Answer

What shape is the graph of y=XA2+1

##### 4) Bonus - Math - Short Answer

What is the name of the curve that is one possible inverse of a parabola, its shape resembling a heart, and that also appears in the Mandelbrot set?

##### 5) Toss Up - Earth Science - Multiple Choice

In Plate Tectonic theory, a transform fault is associated with:
W) places where crust is being generated
X) places where crust is being destroyed
Y) places where crust is being neither generated nor destroyed
Z) places where crust is being both generated and destroyed

ANSWER: Y) PLACES WHERE CRUST IS BEING NEITHER GENERATED NOR DESTROYED
##### 5) Bonus - Earth Science - Short Answer

Fossil are most commonly found in what general type of rock?

##### 6) Toss Up - General Science - Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT an example of a programming language:
W) Pascal
X) BIOS
Y) Cobol
Z) Fortran

##### 6) Bonus - General Science - Short Answer

A common type of RAM that is a small battery-backed memory that stores configuration settings is called:

ANSWER: CMOS (ACCEPT: COMPLEMENTARY METAL OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR)
##### 7) Toss Up - Chemistry - Multiple Choice

Which of the follow is true regarding complex ions?
W) Their formation constants are usually very small and they often form colored coordination compounds.
X) Their formation constants are usually very small and they often form colorless coordination compounds.
Y) Their formation constants are usually very large and they often form colored coordination compounds.
Z) Their formation constants are usually very large and they often form colorless coordination compounds.

ANSWER: Y) Their formation constants are usually very large and they often form colored coordination compounds.
##### 7) Bonus - Chemistry - Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a monodentate ligand?
W) Oxalate
X) Chloride Ion
Y) Aluminum (III) Ion
Z) Ammonium Ion

##### 8) Toss Up - Biology - Multiple Choice

The light and dark bands seen in skeletal muscles are
W) thin and thick filaments.
X) cross-bridges.
Y) actin filaments.
Z) myosin filaments.

ANSWER: W) thin and thick filaments.
##### 8) Bonus - Biology - Multiple Choice

The organic portion of bone consists of which one of the following proteins.
W) fibrin
X) collagen
Y) actin
Z) myosin

##### 9) Toss Up - Earth Science - Short Answer

In which kind of rock would the skeleton of an ancient fish most likely be found?

##### 9) Bonus - Earth Science - Multiple Choice

Jamaica's white sands are made of
W) halite
X) quartz
Y) clay
Z) coral and shell fragments

ANSWER: Z) CORAL AND SHELL FRAGMENTS
##### 10) Toss Up - Physics - Short Answer

What is the underwater pressure in atmospheres in a fresh water lake at a depth of 20 meters?

##### 10) Bonus - Physics - Short Answer

What is the resonant frequency, in hertz to the nearest whole number, of a three-component series circuit that has a 2 henry inductor, a 2 microfarad capacitor, and a 2 ohm resister?

##### 11) Toss Up - Chemistry - Multiple Choice

Which of the following molecules would have the smallest molarenthalpy of vaporization?
W) Water
X) Formaldehyde
Y) Methane
Z) Ammonia

##### 11) Bonus - Chemistry - Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT generally true of reaction equilibria:
W) if the temperature of an exothermic reaction is raised, the equilibrium shifts to the left
X) the equilibrium constants for forward and reverse reactions are the reciprocals of each other
Y) pure liquids appear in the equilibrium expression but pure solids do not
Z) an equilibrium constant greater than 1 means that the reaction favors products at equilibrium

ANSWER: Y) pure liquids appear in the equilibrium expression but pure solids do not
##### 12) Toss Up - Chemistry - Multiple Choice

How would you classify a reaction in which solid potassium and chlorine gas react to form the ionic compound potassium chloride?
W) Decomposition
X) Combustion
Y) Synthesis
Z) Disproportionation

##### 12) Bonus - Chemistry - Short Answer

Generally, what type of reaction is an acid base reaction?

ANSWER: DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT (ACCEPT: DOUBLE REPLACEMENT)
##### 13) Toss Up - Chemistry - Multiple Choice

Which of the following elements will react most vigorously with water to form hydrogen gas as a by-product?
W) Magnesium
X) Barium
Y) Potassium
Z) Bismuth

##### 13) Bonus - Chemistry - Multiple Choice

If you want to separate a liquid mixture containing at least one volatile component, which of the following techniques could you use?
W) Scrubbing
X) Stripping
Y) Electrorefining
Z) Effusion

##### 14) Toss Up - Physics - Short Answer

By what factor will the gravitational attraction between two masses be multiplied, if the distance between their centers of mass remains the same, but the mass of one doubles?

ANSWER: 2 TIMES (ACCEPT: 2 or DOUBLES)
##### 14) Bonus - Physics - Multiple Choice

Which of the following occurs when a glass tube is rubbed with a silk cloth:
W) protons are transferred from the silk to the glass tube
X) protons are transferred from the glass tube to the silk
Y) electrons are transferred from the silk to the glass tube
Z) electrons are transferred from the glass tube to the silk

ANSWER: Z) ELECTRONS ARE TRANSFERRED FROM THE GLASS TUBE TO THE SILK
##### 15) Toss Up - Math - Multiple Choice

A square matrix which has zeros above the main diagonal is called:
W) upper triangular
X) singular
Y) lower triangular
Z) invertible

##### 15) Bonus - Math - Multiple Choice

If a line segment is drawn between points (-6,1) and (-1,8), the equation of a line perpendicular to this line segment, and which passes through the origin, is
W) 7Y=5X+1
X) 5Y=7X
Y) 5Y=-7X
Z) 7Y=-5X

##### 16) Toss Up - Biology - Multiple Choice

In plants, which of the following groups of cells is responsible for the growth of shoots?
W) Secondary meristem
X) Parenchyma (read as: pah-REHN-ki-mah) cells
Y) Guard cells
Z) Apical (read as: AY-pi-kahl) meristem

##### 16) Bonus - Biology - Short Answer

By name or number, identify all of the following four organisms that are nonvascular plants: 1) moss, 2) liverwort, 3) St. John’s wort, 4) hornwort.

ANSWER: MOSS, LIVERWORT, AND HORNWORT (ACCEPT: 1, 2, AND 4)
##### 17) Toss Up - Chemistry - Short Answer

What is the hydrogen deficiency in the molecule 3-bromobenzaldehyde?

##### 17) Bonus - Chemistry - Short Answer

What gas is most commonly used in the mobile phase of gas chromatography?

ANSWER: HELIUM GAS (ACCEPT: NITROGEN GAS)
##### 18) Toss Up - Chemistry - Short Answer

What is the most electronegative element?

##### 18) Bonus - Chemistry - Multiple Choice

Based on trends in the periodic table, which of the following elements is the least electronegative?
W) Nitrogen
X) Carbon
Y) Beryllium
Z) Oxygen

##### 19) Toss Up - Math - Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a property of the normal p.d.f.?
W) The p.d.f. is symmetric
X) The p.d.f. has two inflection points
Y) The variance has to be positive
Z) The domain of the p.d.f. is non-negative real numbers

ANSWER: Z) THE DOMAIN OF THE P.D.F. IS NON-NEGATIVE REAL NUMBERS
##### 19) Bonus - Math - Short Answer

If f(x) = 2x - 1 and g(x) = 6 + 2x - x^2, what is the standard polynomial form for g(f(x)) (read as: g of f of x)?

ANSWER: -4x^2 + 8x + 3
##### 20) Toss Up - Physics - Short Answer

As reported recently in the journal Science, researchers have succeeded in producing a high efficiency organic LED. They began with a blue emitting system and then added a single color light emitting phosphor to obtain white light. What was the single color phosphor they used?

ANSWER: YELLOW (Solution: red and green make yellow and red green and blue make white, therefore since they needed red and green to add to blue to make white they chose a yellow phosphor)
##### 20) Bonus - Physics - Short Answer

A sphere of radius 1 meter contains uniformly distributed charge of charge density rho. Assuming rho over epsilon-naught equals 30 volts per meter squared, what is the magnitude of electric field at a radius of 0.5 meters?

##### 21) Toss Up - Chemistry - Short Answer

When a strip of sodium reacts with dilute HCl, what gas is produced?

##### 21) Bonus - Chemistry - Multiple Choice

The release of hydrogen gas in the above experiment is called:
W) combustion
X) effervescence
Y) diffusion
Z) ebullition

##### 22) Toss Up - Physics - Multiple Choice

If you quadruple the length of a pendulum of a grandfather clock, this will?
X) double the frequency
Y) double the period
Z) have no effect

##### 22) Bonus - Physics - Short Answer

The primary used of a diode?

ANSWER: TO RECTIFY AC TO DC
##### 23) Toss Up - Biology - Multiple Choice

The disease that results when the autoimmune system destroys the myelin sheath of nerve fibers is
W) multiple sclerosis.
X) rheumatoid arthritis.
Y) rheumatic fever.
Z) juvenile-onset diabetes.

##### 23) Bonus - Biology - Multiple Choice

“Strep throat” can be very serious because, if left untreated, it can result in
W) inflammation of the body’s joints.
X) autoimmune reactions in the pancreas.
Y) scarring of the heart valves.
Z) the destruction of myelin sheaths of nerves.

ANSWER: Y-- SCARRING OF THE HEART VALVES
##### 24) Toss Up - Astronomy - Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the MAIN advantage of space-based telescopes over typical ground-based telescopes:
W) they are not affected by radiation
X) their mirrors can be any size because of zero gravity
Y) they are cheaper to maintain
Z) they experience no atmospheric distortion

ANSWER: Z) THEY EXPERIENCE NO ATMOSPHERIC DISTORTION
##### 24) Bonus - Astronomy - Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the BEST evidence that globular clusters are composed of mostly old stars:
W) most of their stars have a low metal content
X) most of their stars are population one stars
Y) most of the stars have a very high mass
Z) most of their stars are white dwarfs

ANSWER: W) MOST OF THEIR STARS HAVE A LOW METAL CONTENT
##### 25) Toss Up - Chemistry - Multiple Choice

Oxygen has a valence number of -1 in:
W) Sodium Peroxide
X) Potassium Chlorate
Y) Water
Z) Sodium Hydroxide